19
Aug

ADAM: An Analyzer for Dialectal Arabic Morphology

   Posted by: Wael Salloum   in My Articles, My Papers

ADAM (An Analyzer for Dialectal Arabic Morphology)

Source: Wael Salloum and Nizar Habash: Dialectal to Standard Arabic Paraphrasing to Improve Arabic-English Statistical Machine Translation, EMNLP 2011: Dialects-2011.

ADAM Logo

ADAM is an Analyzer for Dialectal Arabic Morphology developed at the Columbia University Center for Computational Learning Systems (CCLS) under DARPA GALE project by Wael Salloum and Nizar Habash. It was built on the top of BAMA database (Buckwalter, 2004) as used in the ALMOR morphological analyzer/generator (Habash, 2007), which is the rule-based component of the MADA system for morphological analysis and disambiguation of Arabic (Habash and Rambow, 2005; Roth et al., 2008). The ALMOR system presents analyses as lemma and feature-value pairs including clitics.

The BAMA databases contain three tables of Arabic stems, complex prefixes and complex suffixes and three additional tables with constraints on matching them. MSA, according to the BAMA databases, has 1,208 complex prefixes and 940 complex suffixes, which correspond to 49 simple prefixes/proclitics and 177 simple suffixes/enclitics, respectively. The number of combinations in prefixes is a lot bigger than in suffixes, which explains the different proportions of complex affixes to simple affixes.

We extended the BAMA database through a set of rules that add new Levantine/Egyptian dialectal affixes and clitics by copying and extending existing MSA affixes/clitics. For instance, the dialectal future proclitic +حـ H+ ‘will’ has a similar behavior to the standard Arabic future particle +سـ s+. As such, an extension rule would create a copy of each occurrence of the MSA prefix and replace it with the dialectal prefix. The algorithm that uses this rule to extend the BAMA database adds the prefix Ha/FUT_PART and many other combinations involving it, e.g., wa/PART+Ha/FUT_PART+ya/IV3MS, and fa/CONJ+Ha/FUT_PART+na/IV1P. We reserve discussion of other more complex mappings with no exact MSA equivalence to a future publication on ADAM.

The rules (89 in total) introduce 11 new dialectal proclitics (plus spelling variants and combinations) and 27 dialectal enclitics (again, plus spelling variants and combinations). ADAM’s total of simple prefixes and suffixes increases to 60 (22% increase) and 204 (15% increase) over BAMA, respectively. The numbers for complex prefixes and suffixes increase at a faster rate to 3,234 (168% increase) and (142% increase), respectively.

As an example of ADAM output, consider the following figure, where a single analysis is shown.

ADAM Example

ADAM Example



ADAM performance

We conducted an analysis of ADAM’s behavior over the OOV set analyzed in Section 3.3 in the paper. Whereas ALMOR (before ADAM) only produces analyzes for 21% of all the OOV words, ADAM covers almost 63%. Among words with dialectal morphology, ADAM’s coverage is 84.4%. The vast majority of the unhandled dialectal morphology cases involve a particular Levantine/Egyptian suffix ش+ +š ‘not’. We plan to address these cases in the future. In about 10% of all the analyzed words, ADAM generates alternative dialectal readings to supplement existing ALMOR MSA analyses, e.g.,I. بكتب bktb has an MSA (and coincidentally dialectal) analysis of ‘with books’ and ADAM also generates the dialectal only analysis ‘I write’.

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3
Apr

People’s Response to Change

   Posted by: Wael Salloum   in Business, Change Management, My Articles

As it touches many aspects of our lives, I wanna share this wonderful model that I studied in my management Masters degree in a course called “Change Management”: The six stages of people’s response to change. It was originally proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in 1969 as “The Five Stages Of Grief” for people who are dying and how they cope with death. Later, the model was extended to include a “Moving On” step (as shown in the figure above) for a business-related version of her model: i.e. what emotional stages employees go through in responding to change in an organization.

Below are the five stages of grief as I got from Wikipedia:

  1. Denial — “I feel fine.“; “This can’t be happening, not to me.
    Denial is usually only a temporary defense for the individual.
  2. Anger — “How can this happen to me?“; ‘”Who is to blame?Read the rest of this entry »

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20
Nov

I’m thinking… or, am I?

   Posted by: Wael Salloum   in I'm thinking, My Articles

If we can perceive this world with only our limited 5 senses. If some animals can see, hear, and smell better than us. If a bird has more freedom, a lamb is more peaceful, a pony is more adorable, and a donkey is more humble than us, why do we think of ourselves as God’s favorite creature?

Why is it not a lamb? What about if we humans will all go to hell and only lambs go to heaven?

Does it mattar??

What if God sent other profets to other animals? What if God is trying multiple approaches, testing different experiment? I’d refuse to be an experiment, but who can question His/Her almightiness?!

What if?

What if I was a brain in a vat?? (Descartes). If I can perceive this world with only my 5 senses, then reality will be a series of chemical changes in my nerves. Right??!!.. Then, reality can be manipulated, adjusted, or even created!!.. That’s actually what doctors do by anesthesia — they inject you with chemical substances that interact with the chemical changes in your nerves to disable electrochemical impulses; thus, when the reality is a hell of pain, your brain knows nothing about it.

Consider dreams, they seem so real and the mind believes while dreaming. Reality can be a higher level of dreaming which is “more organized” so that the brain connects the so-called facts and the mind consistently believes. I’d like to use instead of term “more organized” in the previous sentence the term “more controlled”…

But who’s in control? If my brain’s controlling my dreams, who’s controlling my reality?

Does it mattar?? So, somebody took care of everything and I’m enjoying it… Are you?

It’s just like playing FIFA without knowing how to program it or who wrote the code. Does it really mattar?

When I was a little kid, there was a little question that kept coming up to my mind. I’ll put it this way: If you were born (for some reason, let’s say a mutation) with eyes that recognize colors different from others; for example, you see the red color blue, the blue green, and the green red, that means you’ll see all the colors different from others according to the different combinations of the three main colors (you’ll see light red as light blue, and so on). Well, would you be able in any way to tell people that you see colors differently?? I don’t think so. Because you use the same language they use, and you can express what you see only with the language THEY taught you. So, because the colors are shifted in your brain, the names of the colors will be shifted in your language!!… That brings us to a conclusion that you’ll never know — you’ll live a normal life without even knowing that. Now, if we generalize, everyone of us may be seeing colors differently (either capturing colors differently with his/her eyes, or interpreting them differently in his/her brain) without knowing because we agree on the same language to describe them.

So, we generalized on the “Experiencer” dimension (from one man to everyone). What if we generalize on the “Experiment” (or, Stimuli) dimension: we can say that everything we see (not only the colors) may be different. Moreover, if we generalize on the “Sensory receptor” dimension, we can say that everything we perceive with our five senses (not only the vision) may be different; and that’s, ladys and gentlemen, called REALITY. So, is reality fake?!!.. I’m not sure of that, but I’m sure that reality is what your brain believes, and your brain can be fooled easily. Consider videos, they just use one limitation of your eyes (your eyes can’t see more that 50 snapshots per second) so they give them 60 frames per second and your brain believes that these sequence of images is a continuous motion. See!! Consider 3D cinema, they fool your eyes more and even your ears, your brain actually believes that the sound came from behind and the rock passed by you!!.. 4D cinema is playing with more senses, actually I liked how they were playing with my brain – the smoke smell, water spraying, and the thing that came out of my chair and stabbed me in the back. So, if it’s that easy to fool the brain, how can we tell that reality is not just an interactive movie in a 5D cinema where they manipulate all our five senses??!!..

So, I was thinking… or, was I?!..

P.S.: Please, if you didn’t get it, don’t wary, I didn’t write it to you :)

~ Wael

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Google

Article written by Christopher Dawson.

As ZDNet’s Sam Diaz reported, when Google CEO Eric Schmidt told an audience at the TechCrunch Disrupt conference that “Your car should drive itself. It’s amazing to me that we let humans drive cars. It’s a bug that cars were invented before computers,” many analysts suggested that he needed to be just a little less disruptive and a lot more focused on search. Even Sam suggested

Schmidt wasn’t implying that such technology is coming. It was more of a side thought in a speech that he delivered about the interactions that computers and humans can have to share day-to-day tasks and learn from each other.

Guess what? Not only is the technology coming, but it’s already here and Google is already testing it extensively. Google announced today that its drivers had logged over 140,000 miles in the company’s self-driving cars around the San Francisco Bay area. According to a blog posted today by Google Distinguished Engineer, Sebastian Thrun,

Our goal is to help prevent traffic accidents, free up people’s time and reduce carbon emissions by fundamentally changing car use.

So we have developed technology for cars that can drive themselves. Our automated cars, manned by trained operators, just drove from our Mountain View campus to our Santa Monica office and on to Hollywood Boulevard. They’ve driven down Lombard Street, crossed the Golden Gate bridge, navigated the Pacific Coast Highway, and even made it all the way around Lake Tahoe.

Google's self-driving car in Trafic

I find it a bit interesting that Google announced this on a Saturday when both Web and Bay Area traffic would be lighter than during the week. After all, as Sam, who is almost as big a Google fan as I am, called the idea “creepy.” How will average consumers, let alone the Google conspiracy theorists, feel about it?

And, at least from my perspective, the most important question is what Google gets from self-driving cars? Obviously, Internet-connected cars, Android-powered car interfaces, and ad-serving GPS devices would be a boon for Google, but clearly the company has invested a fair amount of money in cars whose computers do a lot more than send you to the nearest Dunkin’ Donuts. Sebastian Thrun says that Google founders “Larry and Sergey founded Google because they wanted to help solve really big problems using technology.” I’m sure that’s true, but Google’s business is search and advertising. Where do self-driving cars come in? I don’t think that it’s to let consumers spend more time using their Android phones while their cars take them to work.

Google's self-driving car (explanation)

Actually, Thrun’s post gives us a couple of clues:

All in all, our self-driving cars have logged over 140,000 miles. We think this is a first in robotics research.

This is all made possible by Google’s data centers, which can process the enormous amounts of information gathered by our cars when mapping their terrain.

By mapping features like lane markers and traffic signs, the software in the car becomes familiar with the environment and its characteristics in advance.

A quick read of the post would suggest that pure altruism is behind all of this and I’m sure that elements of Google’s “Don’t be evil” mantra are in there somewhere. However, the self-driving car has some serious potential growth implications for the company that don’t stray as far as one might think from its core business.

The basic research component related to artificial intelligence and the cars’ abilities to learn from their surroundings and their drivers screams semantic web. The better that Google’s servers know and understand what we do, when we do it, at what time, and with whom, the better they can deliver highly relevant ads and search results. The semantic web is all about the ability of computers to understand, anticipate, and personalize our online experience. It will take some serious computer science advances to get us there, primarily focused on data management and artificial intelligence.

Google is also obviously looking to better leverage its Maps products and the extraordinary amount of data it already maintains on everything from StreetView to our Maps/Navigation queries. Google also has more processing power in its data centers than just about any other entity in the world. While fast search and relevant text ads currently make Google its money, the really smart folks at Google (and formerly of DARPA that Google hired for this project) can find new ways to leverage all of that power that can make money for Google in new ways that go far beyond its current efforts in ad serving.

Finally, this is about Android. Android is already making its way into the auto industry and if the mobile OS can ultimately be a bridge between smart vehicles and Google’s datacenters, Google gets a win again.

My car won’t be driving itself next year courtesy of Google. However, Google is taking a bit of a long-term risk investing in a set of technologies that will most likely pay off big time. And the payoff will extend beyond your car into the way you search and interact with the Web.

via Google’s self-driving car: What’s in it for Google? | ZDNet.

Anther Resource: The New York Times: Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic

Video: Google Self-Driving Car Experiment

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18
Jun

Columbia University Photos

   Posted by: Wael Salloum   in Photo Albums, Study Abroad

Source: Columbia University: Virtual Campus Tour.

Here is a group of photos of different buildings in Columbia University. Click on the rectangle at the bottom-right angle of the viewer to see it in Full Screen.

Read the rest of this entry »

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Global University Ranking calculates universities ranks according to 6 areas: Educational activity, Research activity, Professional competence of the faculty, Financial maintenance, International activity, and International audience. In each area, it measures many indicators. Top 100 universities in USA are listed in the following table:

USA Rank World Rank Institution
1 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2 2 California Institute of Technology
3 4 Columbia University
4 6 Harvard University
5 7 Stanford University
6 9 Johns Hopkins University
7 10 University of Chicago
8 12 Princeton University
9 15 University of California, Los Angeles
10 16 University of Illinois
11 18 University of California, Berkeley
11 18 University of Pennsylvania
13 20 University of California, San Diego
14 21 Carnegie Mellon University
15 22 New York University
16 23 University of Washington
17 24 Duke University
18 25 University of Michigan
19 26 University of Minnesota
20 27 Cornell University

Read the rest of this entry »

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In this post we present top 10 universities in the world by different fields of study according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2009.

In Economics / Business: (All from USA)

World Rank Institution Country
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

————

In Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy: Read the rest of this entry »

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3
Jun

ARWU.org: Top Universities by Country

   Posted by: Wael Salloum   in Study Abroad, University Ranking

The statistics below are according to the Academic Ranking for World Universities.

Top Universities by Country

Country Top 20 Top 100 Top 200 Top 300 Top 400 Top 500
1 United States 17 55 90 112 138 152
2 United Kingdom 2 11 23 33 36 40
3 Japan 1 5 9 11 19 31
4 Germany 5 14 24 36 40
5 Canada 4 6 18 18 22
6 France 3 7 14 19 23
7 Australia 3 6 9 13 17
8 Switzerland 3 6 7 7 8
9 Sweden 3 4 7 9 11
10 Netherlands 2 9 9 11 12
11 Denmark 2 3 3 4 4 Read the rest of this entry »

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1
Jun

Columbia University Photo Album

   Posted by: Wael Salloum   in Photo Albums, Study Abroad

Here is a group of photos of Columbia University. Click on the rectangle at the bottom-right angle of the viewer to see it in Full Screen.

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27
May

Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web

   Posted by: Wael Salloum   in Great People, Inspiration

Berners-Lee at the Home Office, London, 2010

Sir Timothy John “Tim” Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955, also known as “TBL“), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet. Read the rest of this entry »

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